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Homework: Prepare a report on the topic 'Fluid Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure'.
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Introduction
A cell membrane with the property of being a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition is called a fluid mosaic model. The hydrophobic components incorporated into the membrane development give the cell membrane a fluid quality and cause lipids and proteins to migrate from one side of the membrane to the other. The membrane has a more fluid nature. The fluid mosaic model uses the term "mosaic" to describe anything formed by the combination of many elements, which explains why it is appropriate for this model.biology homework. The fact that the cell membrane consists of several components justifies the use of the word mosaic in the name of the model, the fluid mosaic model. The quality of the cell membrane fluid is due to the presence of phospholipids that do not form mutual bonds. Phospholipid molecules have a head that is attracted to water, so it is directed towards the outer surface of the cell membrane, giving it a hydrophilic quality. There are two directions in which molecules move. The tail helps remove the water that forms the bilayer to create nonpolar hydrophobicity upon removal. The fatty acids form a constantly moving tail of phospholipids. After the creation of the fluid mosaic model, the development of the double layer became known. The process is weaker because each one does it alone (Catala, 2012). Cholesterol production is one of the many proteins and chemicals found in the bilayer. The plasma membrane has a consistency similar to that of vegetable oil that has been brought to room temperature, allowing proteins and various other things to travel around it. Understanding of the plasma membrane is achieved using the fluid mosaic model. The cell membrane consists of several substances, each of which has a specific function. The membrane is stabilized by cholesterol, which is incorporated into its double layer, preventing it from hardening at lower body temperatures. The plasma membrane of cells found in animals is also best understood using the fluid mosaic concept. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are formed from carbohydrate chains that form the outer layer of the cell membrane. The way in which carbohydrates are formed varies from person to person, and their formation depends on the type of blood that each individual has (Leabu, 2013).
How was the fluid mosaic model created?
To explain the composition of the plasma membrane, S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson developed the fluid mosaic model. It was believed to be a fundamental component of cell membranes that would aid future research by explaining the information already available on membrane proteins and lipids (Nicolson, 2016). Although the concept has changed over time, it is still considered a valid theory to explain the nanostructures of many cell and intracellular membranes seen in animal and plant cells. The arrangement of particles in the cell membrane is shown by the fluid mosaic model. Meanwhile, new information emerged about lipid rafts, proteins, and glycoproteins, which helped describe the structure of the membrane. Due to the aforementioned ideas to define the Fluid Mosaic Model, new information about the cell membrane has come to light. The mosaic character has more weight in recent information (Nicolson, 2016).
What are the different organelles in a cell?
The term "cellular organelle" refers to the various cellular elements present in plants and mammals. Organelles are different structures that make up a cell. The membrane that surrounds cell organelles has a specific structure and function (Morange, 2013). All parts of the cell are contained in the cell membrane, which also protects the cell from the environment. It also facilitates the entry and exit of ion buffer particles from the cell. The coordination of these cell organelles is essential for normal cell function. The following list of cell organelles was discussed:
โข Endoplazmatski reticulum:
This is a set of membrane channels that is hydrated. They are seen as a means of transportation that helps move materials within the station. The component of the endomembrane system that spans the nuclear envelope is the endoplasmic reticulum. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum. Tubules, vesicles, and cisternae form the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They help in protein synthesis and are present throughout the cell. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum region serves as the storage area. Helps in the synthesis of lipids and steroids. It also helps detoxify cells. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has several ribosomes associated with it, resulting in an uneven structure and justifying the name organelle. The rough endoplasmic reticulum helps synthesize proteins that leave the cell. These proteins are translocated into the lumen within the endoplasmic reticulum, where they undergo extensive modification in shape. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum receives the protein through the lumen and processes it there. The absence of ribosomes in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contributes to its smooth structure. Due to the lack of ribosomes, it cannot make proteins. The creation of lipids and enzymes is the main task of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Functions of the endoplasmic reticulum:
โข Creates and secretes steroid hormones
โข Helps in the synthesis of lipids such as cholesterol and phospholipids.
โข Helps in the metabolism of carbohydrates
โข Helps release calcium ions, which is essential for the nervous and muscular systems.
โข Ribosomes:This structure is where protein synthesis takes place, producing proteins and ensuring the survival of living cells. It is made up of several molecules. All cell types, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, have ribosomes. Every cell needs ribosomes to make proteins. Small and large ribosomal subunits consist of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and amino acids that are linked to transfer RNA (tRNA) are transported to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Proteins are created with the help of amino acids. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where the ribosomes attach. They float in the cytoplasm and do not bind. They do not have membranes and are quite small in size. Two thirds ribonucleic acid and one third protein make up this substance. They are also known as prokaryotes 70 or eukaryotes 80, depending on the type of cell they are found in. S stands for size and density. The skin, hair, eyes, and face contain ribosomes.
Ribosome functions:
โข Assembles amino acids to make proteins, which are believed to be a necessary component for cell function. Messenger RNA (mRNA) aids in protein synthesis with support from the nucleus and cytoplasm.
โข Messenger RNA (mRNA) polymers are surrounded by subunits of ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
โข Newly formed ribosomes carry proteins out of the cell.
โข Golgi apparatus:Both plant and animal cells have a Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus in their cytoplasm. It is an organelle that resembles a flat, layered bag that changes proteins and helps to package them. It consists of a group of membranes that cooperate closely with the endoplasmic reticulum in the exchange of proteins and carbohydrates. He usually has 6 tanks, but can have up to 20 in total. The cells of eukaryotic organisms have a Golgi apparatus. It is surrounded by a membrane, the size of which varies from place to place. It is actively involved in the production, storage, and delivery of goods produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus is shaped like a pancake due to folded membranes. It serves as a home for numerous vesicles produced by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Before circulating in the cell, the proteins produced by the endoplasmic reticulum are processed by the Golgi apparatus. The protein enters the Golgi apparatus on one side and exits on the other side to the cell plasma membrane with the help of the endoplasmic reticulum. One of the recognized plasma membrane models is the fluid mosaic model. The Golgi body of a cell can vary depending on what it does.
Source: (Mandira i Kate, 2017.) (Mandira i Kate, 2017.)
The Golgi complex has the following functions:
โข Absorbs compounds, aids in excretion and formation of secretory vesicles
โข Helps create enzymes
โข Helps in the production of hormones
โข Helps in protein storage
โข Helps in the formation of the acrosome
โข Helps in the formation of intracellular crystals
โข Helps in the formation of milk protein droplets
โข Helps in the formation of plant cell walls.
โข Helps in the secretion of glycoproteins
โข Lysosomes:The enzyme sacs are what are commonly called lysosomes. It aids in the digestion of various lipids and nucleic acids found in the cell. The internal environment of lysosomes has an acidic character. The circumstances found in the lysosomal membrane offer enzymes a favorable environment in which to work. The cytoplasm is where they are. The lysosome helps break down dead cells, organelles, poisons, and food particles. Lysosomes are often called suicide bags. The lysosome sprouts from the membrane sacs of the Golgi complex. One of the functions of lysosomes is to act as a container for waste disposal (Pu, Guardia, Keren-Kaplan, & Bonifacino, 2016). Chemicals processed by lysosomes can influence both the prevention and the etiology of various diseases.
Fuente: (Fields, n.d)
Functions of the lysosome:
โข Helps in intracellular digestion
โข Eliminates dead cells
โข Help in metamorphosis
โข Helps in protein synthesis
โข Help with fertilization
โข Help in the process of ontogenesis
โข Helps in the elimination of toxins
โข Helps in the digestion of food particles
โข Helps in the creation of bone cells
What is Kartagener syndrome and how does it occur?
Izvor: (Plessis i Wahba, (n.d))
A person who has acute sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversa is said to have Kartagener syndrome. Kartagener syndrome is caused by inappropriate acquisition of the motor protein dynein. Chest infections and infertility result from improper movement of the cilia (Xu, Gong, & Wen, 2017). Biofilms collected from the air become embedded in the mucus, leading to bacterial infections and tissue damage. Men with Kartagener syndrome can produce sterile sperm and fatherhood only with the help of a doctor who can inject sperm into the eggs. When there is a genetic deficiency, the result is Kartagener syndrome. When both parents are sick and pass the syndrome to their children, this happens.
What is the role of abnormal dynein in causing the syndrome? How does flagella change? How does this lead to the formation of mucus in the respiratory tract?
A genetic disease is the cause of Kartagener syndrome. It is formed as a result of the production of dynein protein. People with this disease have chronic sinusitis and a buildup of mucus in the airways of the lungs. The development of germs in the mucus is possible. If the condition is inherited, severe bronchiectasis can develop in children or adults, which can lead to respiratory failure. The stamens and flagella, which adhere to the surface of eukaryotic cells, are also affected by the disease. The mucus is moved by the cilia, which also helps clear the airways of foreign bodies. When the tabs are not working properly, it can cause problems with the respiratory system and make breathing difficult.
How does Kartagener syndrome cause infertility?
Men with Kartagener syndrome can produce sterile sperm. Despite normal sperm production, dynein flagella are absent or reduced, affecting sperm quality. The best course of action in such circumstances is to consult a doctor who can help men become fathers by injecting sperm into their eggs.
The fluid mosaic model, its history and etymology are discussed in this study. The article also includes information on various cell organelles and mentions Kartagener syndrome.
Reference list
Catala, A. (2012) Lipid peroxidation changes the image of membranes from a โfluid mosaic modelโ to a โlipid whisker modelโ. Biochimie, 94(1), p. 101-109.
Dvorzhinskiy, A. (2018) Endoplasmic reticulum. Preuzeto sa: https://step1.medbullets.com/biochemistry/102073/endoplasmic-reticulum
Fields, P. (n.d) Chapter 3 Cellular anatomy Cell = chamber/compartment. Retrieved from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/7250637/
Leabu, M. (2013) A still valid fluid mosaic model for the molecular organization of biomembranes: emerging data confirm it. Discoveries, 1(1), e7.
Mandira, P and Kate, M. (2017) What is the function of the Golgi complex? Retrieved from: https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-function-of-the-golgi-complex
Morange, M. (2013) What the XXX story tells us. Appearance of a fluid mosaic model of membranes. Journal of Biosciences, 38, p. 3-7.
Nicolson, G. L. (2016) The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure: still relevant for understanding the structure, function, and dynamics of biological membranes after more than 40 years. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, 1838(6), p. 1451-1466.
Plessis, V.D and Wahba, M. (n.d) Kartagener syndrome. Retrieved from: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/kartagener-syndrome-1
Pu, J., Guardia, C.M., Keren-Kaplan, T and Bonifacino, J.S. (2016). Mechanisms and functions of lysosome positioning. Journal of Cellular Sciences, 129, p. 4329-4339.
Walker, E. (n.d) Cellular organelles: how is structure related to function? Retrieved from: https://slideplayer.com/slide/8532041/
Xu, X., Gong, P, and Wen, J. (2017) Clinical and genetic analysis of a family with Kartagener syndrome caused by novel DNAH5 mutations. J Assist Reprod Genet, 34(2), p. 275-281.
FAQs
What is the membrane structure fluid mosaic model answer? โบ
The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane as a tapestry of several types of molecules (phospholipids, cholesterols, and proteins) that are constantly moving. This movement helps the cell membrane maintain its role as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell environments.
What does the fluid mosaic model explain quizlet? โบThe fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. The model describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components. Many of the membrane proteins drift in the phospholipid bilayer.
What is the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure Why is it called this? โบThe โmosaicโ term of this model refers to the mixture of lipids and intrinsic proteins in the membrane. These boundaries are also โfluidโ because their components can move laterally, allowing both diffusion of components and local specific gatherings.
What is correct about fluid mosaic model *? โบSo, the correct answer is 'Lipids can rarely flip-flop, proteins cannot'.
What are the fluid properties of the cell membrane? โบCell membrane fluidity is the property of the cell membrane that allows it to adapt its shape and movement to different conditions. Three key factors influence cell membrane fluidity: temperature, cholesterol, and the kind of fatty acids in the phospholipids that form the cell membrane.
How the fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane quizlet? โบThe fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins, carbohydrates and sterols. It is considered fluid because components in the membrane can move laterally through the membrane.
What is meaning of fluid mosaic model and selectively permeable membrane? โบThe fluid mosaic model said that the plasma membranes are selectively permeable; this means that the structure of a selectively permeable membrane is a mosaic of components that includes proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
Why is membrane fluidity important? โบFluidity is important for many reasons: 1. it allows membrane proteins rapidly in the plane of bilayer. 2. It permits membrane lipids and proteins to diffuse from sites where they are inserted into bilayer after their synthesis.
Why is it called the fluid mosaic model quizlet? โบIt is sometimes referred to as a fluid mosaic because it has many types of molecules which float along the lipids due to the many types of molecules that make up the cell membrane. The liquid part is the lipid bilayer which floats along the lipids due to the many types of molecules that make up the cell.
What are the parts and functions of the fluid mosaic model? โบThe fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of componentsโincluding phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydratesโin which the components are able to flow and change position, while maintaining the basic integrity of the membrane.
What is the structure and function of the cell membrane? โบ
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
What are the properties used to describe the cell membrane and how it works? โบ(1) Cell membranes are thin enclosures that form closed boundaries. (2) Cell membranes are made up of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. (3) Cell membranes consists of a phospholipid bilayer. (4) Cell membranes are held together by non-covalent interactions (5) Membranes are fluid-like structure.
What is fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane summary? โบThe fluid mosaic model was proposed by S.J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson. This model explains the structure of the plasma membrane of animal cells as a mosaic of components such as phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. These components give a fluid character to the membranes.
What keeps a membrane fluid? โบCholesterol: The cholesterol molecules are randomly distributed across the phospholipid bilayer, helping the bilayer stay fluid in different environmental conditions.
How does the fluid mosaic model describe the distribution of proteins in the membrane? โบFluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane
Proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids are embedded in the membrane, and cholesterol is inserted into the lipophilic interior. Proteins either can be partially inserted into the membrane and exposed on only one surface, or they can span the entire membrane.
Experimental evidence
These studies showed that integral membrane proteins diffuse at rates affected by the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in which they were embedded, and demonstrated that the molecules within the cell membrane are dynamic rather than static.
Fluid mosaic model is the model that states large protein molecules are embedded partially or completely within the lipid bilayer while the sandwich model described the cell membrane structure as a lipid layer sandwiched between two protein layers.
Why is it important that the cell membrane fluidity changes with temperature? โบAt dangerously high temperatures the proteins may denature or break down completely, increasing the fluidity of the cell membrane to dangerous levels and allowing potentially dangerous molecules to pass through the membrane. At lower temperatures, the phospholipids in the bilayer have lower kinetic energy.
What causes fluidity of the cell membrane to increase? โบThe amount of cholesterol in the membrane: In eukaryotes, the higher the cholesterol concentration, the lower the membrane permeability. Similarly in the case of fluidity, shorter fatty acid chains and a higher amount of unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms of fatty acids increase the membrane fluidity.
How does membrane fluidity affect diffusion? โบThe solubility diffusion model predicts that lower membrane fluidity will reduce permeability by reducing the ability of permeant molecules to diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
What are the 5 fluid properties? โบ
- Density.
- Viscosity.
- Temperature.
- Pressure.
- Specific Volume.
- Specific Weight.
- Specific Gravity.
- Surface Tension.
Fluids possess different properties of different basis which can be used to characterise the fluids. The main properties of the fluids are Viscosity, Density, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity, Bulk Modulus, kinematic Viscosity.
What are fluid properties? โบTemperature, density, pressure, and specific enthalpy are the thermodynamic properties of fluids. Physical properties: These properties help in understanding the physical state of the fluid such as colour and odour.
What are the characteristics of fluid properties? โบAll fluids, whether liquid or gas, have the same five properties: compressibility, pressure, buoyancy, viscosity, and surface tension. If a fluid is not compressible and it has zero viscosity it is considered an ideal fluid.