Sea star axial organ: Ancestral lymphoid organ (2023)

Quoted by (13)

  • Evolution of the organogenesis of the thymus.

    2013, Comparative and Developmental Immunology

    Quote excerpt:

    This leads to the assumption that the appearance of cells similar to protolymphocytes could have existed before the divergence of cyclostomes and gnathostomes or even before the appearance of vertebrates. In fact, some studies have identified cells morphologically similar to lymphocytes in amphioxus and Botryllus schlosseri, two subphyla of chordate invertebrates, and in the sea star Asteria rubens, a sister phylum of chordate (Leclerc et al., 1980, 1981). Whether these cells have the functions of lymphocytes awaits further investigation.

    The thymus is the primary organ for the functional development of T lymphocytes in jawed vertebrates. New research on the jawless fish, the lampreys, indicates the existence of a primitive thymus in these surviving representatives of the oldest vertebrates, providing strong evidence for the coevolution of T cells and the thymus. This review summarizes the large amount of data that has been collected to understand the evolution of the thymus in vertebrates. Advances in the identification of the genetic networks and cellular mechanisms that control thymic organogenesis in mammals and its evolution in lower species may foster the development of new strategies for medical interventions targeting thymic dysfunctions.

  • New insights into V(D)J recombination and its role in the evolution of the immune system

    1995, immunity

  • Immunocompetent cells in the sea star Asterias rubens. ultrastructural study

    1985, International Cell Biology Reports

    The cells of the axial organ of the sea star Asterias rubens were divided into two populations, adhesive and non-adhesive to the nylon wool. In both populations, an ultrastructural study revealed the presence of cells similar to vertebrate lymphocytes, as well as peroxidase-positive phagocytic cells. Lymphocyte-like cells in the nonadherent population (mean diameter 4 μ) have a high NCR and are morphologically similar to Th cells, while adherent cells (mean diameter 5.5 μ) are more similar to lymphocytes. Bm.

    These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that there is a primitive immune system in the starfish with characteristics similar to those of the vertebrate immune system.

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  • This chapter discusses the basic concepts and benefits of invertebrate immunity. In mammals and other higher vertebrates, there is a wealth of information on the origin, development, structure, and functions of the cells and tissues of the immune system. The cells of the invertebrate immune system can be divided into two main groups, namely, freely circulating blood cells/coelomocytes and various fixed cells. These latter cells may be dispersed throughout the tissues or localized together in hemopoietyphagocytic organs. In addition to these cell-mediated defenses, there are various chemical and mechanical barriers to parasite invasion. The chapter also explains the structure and classification of blood cells/coelomocytes. It provides a functional approach to the classification of blood cells, and cells are organized into five major groups, namely progenitor cells, phagocytic cells, hemostatic cells, nutrient cells, and pigment cells.

  • Specific immune response in the sea star Asterias rubens: Production of "antibody" factors

    1984, Cell Immunology

    Starfish axial organ cells (asterias turn red) inoculated 7 days before with PAA beads haptened with TNP or FITC and subsequently stimulatedin vitrowith the same antigen, produced and released a specific, soluble "antibody-like" substance that induced lysis of haptenized sheep erythrocytes. Fresh normal rabbit or guinea pig serum was essential for lysis, indicating the involvement of complement components. The factor was produced by the total population of axial organ cells, but not by adherent (B-like) or nonadherent (T-like) nylon wool cells. These results provide further evidence for the existence, in the sea star, of a primitive immune system with characteristics reminiscent of the immune system of vertebrates.

  • An MLR-like reaction between axial organ cells of an asterid

    1984, Immunology Letters

    Acceptance [3H]thymidine was studied in axial organ (AO) cells that were derived from two starfish and mixed in a 50/50 ratio. Mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) pools gave a positive response on the fifth day of culture in approximately 20% of the pools tested (ratio: 1.8–6.7). No positive reaction was observed in the allogeneic system. It seems that more significant results are obtained with non-adherent nylonwool subpopulation cells of the two species, rather than with cells from whole axial organs.

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Copyright © 1980. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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